Summary
The study describes conservative restorations using a new system of posts and a dedicated self adhesive cement and build-up material.

Summary
Background. The study shows the most commonly found mistakes found in the construction of individual cast posts and standard posts of composite reinforced with glass fibre. There is also a discussion about the properties and use of selected restorations. Objectives. Pointing out mistakes in the construction of individual cast posts and standard composite posts reinforced with glass fibre. Materials and methods. Clinical examinations were carried out on patients with incorrectly made posts and cores. Use was made of adjacent isometric and orthoradial radiographs. Discussion. During the construction of posts and cores mistakes usually apear at the planning stage, the pre-preparation, during the preparation and during the cementation of the finished restoration. The improperly constructed restoration leads to damage of the tooth and, as a consequence, to its loss. Conclusions. Failures in the construction of posts and cores are chiefly connected with the use of a treatment method that is not adequate to the clinical conditions that are present in the oral cavity.

Streszczenie
W artykule przedstawiono przypadki kliniczne leczenia pojedynczych braków zębowych z zastosowaniem mostu kompozytowego wzmocnionego włóknem szklanym, opartego na wkładach koronowych.

Summary
The article describes clinical treatment of single tooth loss using a composite bridge reinforced with glass fibre, supported with coronal inserts.

Summary
Prefabricated posts containing synthetic fibres have been used in dentistry for over 20 years. At present use can be made of posts that are parallel sided, tapered and parallel-convergent tapering apically at various levels and at various angles. The cross-section of posts is most commonly circular, although flattened ones are also available. There have also been introduced posts which, apart from adhesive connections properties, have mechanical retention properties, and two-piece posts. The process of placing posts has also been modified – the insertion of more than one post into the canal and method of cementation, not only with the help of a standard composite cement.

Streszczenie
W stomatologii odtwórczej występowała dotychczas luka między prewencyjnym stosowaniem fluoru (remineralizacją) a inwazyjną metodą polegającą na usunięciu próchnicy i wypełnieniu ubytku. Nowe możliwości lecznicze zaproponowała firma DMG, wytwórca produktu o nazwie Icon, który wykorzystuje zjawisko infiltracji zdemineralizowanych tkanek zęba.
Icon znalazł zastosowanie w stomatologii wieku rozwojowego, szczególnie po leczeniu ortodontycznym aparatami stałymi. Zrezygnowanie z inwazyjnych metod terapii na rzecz infiltracji pozwala uniknąć nie tylko nieprzyjemnego dla większości osób zabiegu opracowania ubytku, ale przede wszystkim – późniejszej konieczności cyklicznych wymian wypełnień. Metoda infiltrowania zdemineralizowanego szkliwa jest stosunkowo nowa i wymaga jeszcze badań klinicznych opartych na wieloletniej obserwacji.

Summary
In restorative dentistry there has been, until now, a discrepancy between preventive use of fluoride (remineralisation) and the invasive method that depends on the removal of caries and filling of the cavity. New possibilities of treatment have been proposed by the company DMG, the producer of a product called Icon which makes use of the phenomenon of infiltration of demineralised tooth tissue. Icon has found application in dentistry for those of developmental age, especially after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Giving up invasive methods of treatment in favour of infiltration allows for the avoidance of not only cavity preparation that is unpleasant for the majority of people but, above all, puts off until later, the necessity of periodic refilling. The method of infiltrating demineralized enamel is relatively young and still requires clinical studies based on observation over many years.

Summary
Background. In the face of the drawbacks of traditional methods of apexification requiring many visits, an alternative method of treatment is still being sought. There are tendencies to the making of an artificial apical barrier from material that will make a hermetically sealed closure of a wide apex, in an immature tooth. Objectives. Evaluation of clinical results of endodontic treatment in permanent immature teeth using the method of single visit apexification with material based on Ha-Biocer hydroxyapatite. Materials and methods. Material for the study consisted of 5 upper incisors with undeveloped root apices that were treated for pulpal pathology or periapical tissues inflammation. The hydroxyapatite preparation was inserted into the canal and radiological controls were carried out every three months over a period of 9 months. After this time, in the case of the absence of pathological symptoms in the periapical tissues, the apical part of the hydroxyapatite was left and the rest of the canal was filled using the lateral condensation technique with gutta percha. In the case where the treatment was not successful, appropriate steps were taken with the aim of further canal sterilization and continuing treatment by a different method. Results. After 9 months observation in 3 patients, in 3 teeth there was observed to be the formation of a calcified barrier together with the absence of pathological symptoms from the periapical tissues. In the remaining 2 cases there was found to be an unfavourable end of treatment in the form of periapical inflammation of the periapical periodontium. In one case, final filling of the canal was carried out and the patient was referred for periapical root resection. In the second case, successful apexification was carried out with calcium hydroxide. Summary. Hydroxyapatite used in the method of apexification effectively stimulates the apical tissues to form a calcified barrier. The absence of antibacterial properties in hydroxyapatite was probably the cause of the unsuccessful treatment in 2 cases.

Summary
Maxillary constriction of average and large degree (> 5 mm) constitutes a big challenge in non-extraction orthodontic treatment of adults. After the cessation of bone growth the orthodontic action of appliances widening the palatal suture is restricted almost exclusively to action on the teeth, with avoidance of bony growth of the maxilla. This study describes the first stage of combined orthodontic-surgical treatment of an adult with class III malocclusion, transverse maxillary constriction and open bite, treated with the transpalatal distraction method (TPD), using the Uni-Smile (Titamed, Belgium) transpalatal distractor in association with Le Fort I bilateral maxillary osteotomy. The distractor was located on the hard palate at the level of the premolars, anchored in bone and acted directly on it and on the palatal suture. This allowed for the avoidance of tooth-perio complications that are currently widely discussed in the literature. In addition, the rebuilding of the bony base of the maxilla in adult patients leads to improvement of the patency of the air passages and positively changes the facial features.

Summary
In a further case from the author’s practice, illustrated with a clinical photo report, the reason for presentation by the patient was a problem of aesthetics. During the consultation, apart from the aesthetic imperfections regarding shape and colour of the teeth, there was observed a reduction of vertical occlusion. As the recommended method in treatment, use was made of a breakthrough treatment of joining porcelain facings with porcelain crowns using hydrofluoric acid.

Summary
Roberts’ syndrome is a rare, genetically determined syndrome of congenital defects that are autosomal recessive. It is frequently described as the pseudothalidomide syndrome, due to symptoms that are very similar to those elicited by the use of thalidomide. Roberts syndrome is characterised by symmetrical shortening of all limbs with various degrees of intensity, serious lack of pre- and post-natal growth, anomalies in the area of the facial skeleton and mental retardation. On the cytogenetic level it appears by premature division of the centromere which prevents the process of chromatid pairing. The aim of the study was to describe a case of a female patient with Roberts syndrome and the course of orthodontic treatment that had been commenced earlier.

Streszczenie
Od wielu lat patologiczne ścieranie się zębów stanowi istotny problem w rehabilitacji protetycznej. Celem pracy jest próba określenia zasad postępowania terapeutycznego u osób z zaawansowanym starciem patologicznym, u których nastąpiło znaczne obniżenie wysokości zwarcia centralnego (powyżej 4 mm), wymagających zaopatrzenia protetycznego. Istotą postępowania rehabilitacyjnego jest określenie stopnia starcia, jego rodzaju oraz progresji w badaniu klinicznym, a następnie ustalenie przyczyny oraz podjęcie działań profilaktycznych. Przy podejmowaniu kompleksowej rehabilitacji, podstawową zasadą powinna być ocena wysokości zwarcia centralnego i wielkości przestrzeni międzyokluzyjnej. Wybór metody leczenia zależy od indywidualnych wskazań, celem zaś leczenia jest przywrócenie stabilnych warunków zwarciowo-artykulacyjnych. Po zakończeniu leczenia istotnym aspektem funkcjonowania wykonanych uzupełnień w jamie ustnej jest opieka następowa, uwzględniająca kontrolę zwarciowo-artykulacyjną oraz analizę czynności mięśni narządu żucia.

Summary
For many years now, pathological wear of teeth is a significant problem in prosthetics. The aim of the study is an attempt to describe the principles of procedure in treatment of people with advanced pathological wear in whom there has occurred a significant reduction of centric occlusion (more than 4 mm) and who require prosthetic treatment. The essence of treatment procedure is to describe the level of wear and its type and rate of progression, in clinical examination. Subsequently it is necessary to ascertain the causes and to undertake preventive measures. With undertaking complex rehabilitation, the basic principle should be the evaluation of the height of centric occlusion and the size of the interocclusal clearance. The choice of treatment method depends on individual indications, the aim of treatment being the restoration of stable occlusal-articulation conditions. After completion of the treatment, a significant aspect of the functioning of the constructed appliances in the oral cavity is the care that follows, taking into consideration the control of occlusal articulation and analysis of muscle function in the stomatognathic system.

Streszczenie
Cel. Określenie minimalnej skutecznej wartości mocy promieniowania lasera diodowego (o długości fali 980 nm) w miliwatach [mW] koniecznej do eradykacji populacji Enterococcus faecalis w zakażonych kanałach korzeniowych zębów bydlęcych.
Materiał i metodyka. 1. Świeżo usunięte jednokanałowe zęby bydlęce (40). 2. Enterococcus faecalis szczep ATCC 11420 pochodzący z Polskiej Kolekcji Mikroorganizmów Instytutu Immunologii i Terapii Doświadczalnej Polskiej Akademii Nauk we Wrocławiu. 3. Laser diodowy o długości fali 980 nm.
Opracowane i wysterylizowane zęby zakażano E. faecalis, a następnie inkubowano w warunkach tlenowych przez 24 godziny. Zęby podzielono na 6 grup w celu wstępnej oceny przedziału poszukiwanej minimalnej skutecznej wartości mocy promieniowania laserowego. Po aplikacji światła laserowego wysiewano materiał pobrany z wnętrza kanałów na wybiórcze podłoże Enterococcosel Agar i przeliczano kolonie.
Wyniki. Przy zastosowaniu mocy promieniowania laserowego o wartości 1500 mW nie wykryto kolonii E. faecalis na podłożu.
Wnioski. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników badań pilotażowych jest zasadne podjęcie dalszych badań nad poszukiwaniem minimalnej skutecznej wartości mocy promieniowania lasera diodowego w dezynfekcji kanałów zakażonych E. faecalis w przedziale 750-1250 mW.

Summary
Objectives. Definition of the minimal effective value of intensity of radiation of the diode laser (wavelength 980 nm) in miliwatts [mW] that is necessary to eradicate the Enterococcus faecalis population in infected root canals of bovine teeth. Materials and methods. 1. Freshly removed bovine teeth with one canal (40). 2. Enterococcus faecalis strain ATCC 11420 originating from the Polish Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Immunology and Experimental, Academy of Science in Wroclaw. 3. Diode laser of 980 nm. wavelength. Instrumented and sterilised teeth were infected with E. faecalis, and then they were incubated under aerobic conditions for 24 hours. The teeth were divided into 6 groups with the aim of making an initial evaluation of the range where the minimal effective value of strength of laser radiation could be found. After application of laser light, material from inside the canals was inoculated into a selective culture of Enterococcosel Agar and a count of the colonies was made. Results. Using a laser radiation strength of 1500 mW, no colonies of E. faecalis were found on the culture medium. Conclusions. The results of the pilot tests indicate a justification to undertake further studies in searching for the minimal effective strength of laser diode radiation in the disinfection of canals infected with E. faecalis in the range 750-1250 mW.

Summary
The study describes methods of coping with patients with dental phobia and its aetiology. It discusses techniques that may be used directly in the dental office, taking into account the more frequent occurrence of relaxation techniques and hypnosis in research. In summary, emphasis is made on the need of an interdisciplinary approach that indicates a trend in development of the patient-dentist relationship and in the education of new adepts in dentistry. The skill of properly dealing with the problem not only gives the ability of better understanding of the patient but also improves the quality of health care.