Read the text carefully. Pay attention to words in the bold print
Proper dental care begins even before a baby's first tooth appears. Parents should remember that just because they can't see the teeth it doesn't mean they aren't there. Teeth actually begin to form in the second trimester of pregnancy. At birth babies has 20 primary teeth, some of which are fully developed in the jaw.

Running a damp washcloth over baby's gums following feedings can prevent buildup of damaging bacteria. Once a child has a few teeth showing, they can be brushed with a soft child's toothbrush or rubbed with gauze at the end of the day. Even babies can have problems with dental decay when parents do not practice good feeding habits. Putting a baby to sleep with a bottle in his or her mouth may beconvenient in the short term — but it can harm the baby's teeth. When the sugars from juice or milk remain on a baby's teeth for hours, they may eat away at the enamel, creating a condition known as bottle mouth. Pocked, pitted, or discolored front teeth are signs of bottle mouth. Severe cases result in cavities and the need to pull all the front teeth until the permanent ones grow in.

It is recommends that a child's first visit to the dentist take place by the first birthday. At this visit, the dentist will explain proper brushing and flossing techniques andconduct a modified exam while your baby sits on your lap. Such visits can help in the early detection of potential problems, and help kids become accustomed tovisiting the dentist so they'll have less fear about going as they grow older.

When all primary teeth have come in (usually around age 2½), a dentist may start applying topical fluoride. Fluoride hardens the tooth enamel, helping to ward offdental cavities from acid. Be careful, tough, since too much fluoride can cause toothdiscoloration. Check with a dentist before additional supplementing of fluoride.

Brushing at least twice a day and routine flossing will help maintain a healthy mouth. Kids as young as age 2 or 3 can begin to use toothpaste when brushing, as long as they're supervised. Kids should not ingest large amounts of toothpaste. Parents should always make sure the child spits the toothpaste out instead ofswallowing.

As your child's permanent teeth grow in, the dentist can help seal out decay by applying a thin layer of a sealant. If parents are prone to tooth decay or gum disease, their kids may be at higher risk as well. Therefore, sometimes even the most diligent brushing and flossing will not prevent a cavity. If child complains of tooth pain, which could be a sign of a cavity that needs treatment, the dentist should be contacted. New materials mean pediatric dentists have more filling and repairoptions than ever. Silver remains the substance of choice for the majority of fillings in permanent teeth. Other materials, such as composite resins, are gainingpopularity, particularly the tooth-colored resins.

As kids grow, routine dental checkups should take place once every 3 months to once a year, depending on the dentist's recommendations. Limiting intake of sugary foods and regular brushing and flossing all contribute to a child's dental health.

GLOSSARY
acid – kwas 
actually – faktycznie, rzeczywiście 
appear – pojawić się 
become accustomed to – przyzwyczaić się 
bottle mouth – próchnica butelkowa 
complain – narzekać 
conduct – przeprowadzić 
contribute – przyczynić się 
convenient – wygodny 
damp – wilgotny 
discoloration – przebarwienie 
diligent – staranny 
following – następujący po 
gain – zyskać 
harden – twardnieć 
ingest – połknąć 
in the short term – w krótkim okresie czasu 
lap – kolana 
layer – warstwa 
maintain – utrzymać, podtrzymać 
option – opcja 
particularly – zwłaszcza
pitted – z bruzdami
pocked – (tutaj) z dziurami 
proper – właściwy 
rub – trzeć 
seal out – uszczelnić 
spit – wypluć 
supervised – nadzorowany
supplementing – uzupełnienie
swallow – połknąć
take place – mieć miejsce
therefore – dlatego też
topical – miejscowy
trimester – trymestr
ward off – zapobiec
washcloth – myjka, ścierka

Complete the tips with words from the table

•Begin helping your child 1)………………… by the time their last two molars come together, which usually happens when children are 21/2 to 3 years of age. The cavities tend to start in between the teeth that’s why a dental floss is a must. .
•Don't let children 2)……………….. their own teeth until around the ages of 7 to 9.
•Do not allow thumb-3)…………………. by approximately age 5 to prevent developmental abnormalities.
•Don't allow young children to carry around sippy cups or bottles containing anything but 4)……………
•Cut down on sugary 5)……………….. between meals. 
•Limit 6)…………………. foods such as raisins and fruit roll-ups. Encourage children to take a 7)……………….. of water after eating these and other snacks. 
• Take care of your own oral health. Research shows that the bacteria that cause decay can be passed from 8)………………… to infants and young children. 
•Limit the 9)………………. of spoons and bottles between caregivers and children and among children themselves.
•Let older children 10)…………………. sugar-free gum. Gum increases the flow of saliva in the mouth and helps neutralize acids on the teeth. 
•Remember about regular dental 11)………………. 
•Check it out with your dentist if your child 12)……………. of any toothache or oral discomfort.

Complete the crossword puzzle with words from the GLOSSARY section

1. Altered teeth’s colour
2. to keep, to continue
3. A period or term of three months 
4. To take into the body by the mouth for digestion or absorption
5. to strengthen 
6. early childhood carries
7. adding, completing something
8. belonging to a particular location or place

 
Look at the list below. Decide and mark if the following are GOOD (G) or HARMFUL (H) for child’s teeth:

1. fresh fruits like plums, peaches, grapes
2. popcorn
3. soft drinks
4. dried fruit like raisins, cranberries
5. sugarless chewing gum
6. sticky sweets
7. fluoridated water
8. no sugar added dairy products 
9. starchy foods


Lesson 26 answers