Introduction to implant dentistry – the basics of surgical procedures. Part I

Piotr Kuligowski, Magda Aniko-Włodarczyk, Olga Preuss, Grzegorz Trybek

Streszczenie
W obecnych czasach wszczepy zębowe stanowią rzetelną metodę rehabilitacji protetycznej pacjenta. Implantologia może służyć zarówno do odbudowy braku pojedynczego zęba, jak i do zaopatrzenia pacjentów bezzębnych. Sukces leczenia implantoprotetycznego zależy głównie od powodzenia procesu osteointegracji, nazywanego inaczej ankylozą czynnościową. Współczesna implantologia stała się dziedziną przewidywalną dzięki rozwojowi radiologicznej metody obrazowania - tomografii wiązki stożkowej (CBCT).

Abstract
Nowadays, dental implants are a reliable method of prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient. Implants can serve both to restore the lack of a single tooth as well as to supply edentulous patients. The success of implantoprosthetic treatment depends mainly on the prosperity of the osseointegration process, also known as functional ankylosis. Contemporary implantology has become predictable thanks to development of the radiological imaging method known as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Hasła indeksowe: osteointegracja, stabilizacja implantów, planowanie przedzabiegowe, implanty stomatologiczne

Key words: osseointegration, implant stability, pre-operational planning, dental implants

PIŚMIENNICTWO
1. Lehman K., Hellwig E.: Propedeutyka stomatologii zachowawczej i protetyki. Urban & Partner. Wrocław 1994.
2. Linkow L.I.: Some variant designs of the subperiosteal implant. Oral Implantol., 1972, 2, 190-205.
3. Grotowski T.: O implantologii raz jeszcze. Protet. Stomatol., 1997, 47, 2, 53-67.
4. Brånemark P.I. i wsp.: Intra-osseous anchorage of dental prosthesis. I Experimental studies. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1969, 3-2, 81-100.
5. Schroeder A. i wsp.: The reactions of bone, connective tissue, and epithelium to endosteal implants with titanium-sprayed surfaces. J. Maxillofac. Surg., 1981, 9, 15-25.
6. Wilson-Hench J.: Osteoinduction. (In)Williams D..F, editor. Progress in
biomedical engineering, vol. 4. Definitions in biomaterials. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1987, 29.
7. Szmukler-Moncler S. i wsp.: Timing of loading and effect of micro-motion on boneimplant interface: a review of experimental literature. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., 1998, 43, 192-203.
8. Roos J., Sennerby L., Albrektsson T.: An update on the clinical documentation on currently used bone anchored endosseous oral implants. Dent. Update, 1997, 5, 194-200.
9. Meltzer A.M.: Primary stability and initial bone-to-implant contact: the effects on immediate placement and restoration of dental implants. J. Implant Reconstr. Dent., 2009, 1, 35-41.
10. Schenk R.K, Buser D.: Osseointegration: a reality. Periodontol. 2000, 1998, 17, 22-35.
11. Meredith N.: Assessment of implant stability as a prognostic determinant. Int. J. Prosthodont., 1998, 11, 491-501.
12. Perren S.M.: Evolution of the internal fixation of long bone fractures. The scientific basis of biological internal fixation: choosing a new balance between stability and biology. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 2002, 84, 1093-1110.
13. Chang P.K. i wsp.: Distribution of micromotion in implants and alveolar bone with different thread profiles in immediate loading: a finite element study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants, 2012, 27, 96-101.
14. Pilliar R.M., Lee J.M., Maniatopoulos C.: Observations on the effect of movement on bone ingrowth into porous-surfaced implants. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.. 1986, 208, 108-113.
15. Brunski J.B.: Avoid pitfalls of overloading and micromotion of intraosseous implants. Dent. Implantol. Update, 1993, 4, 77-81.
16. Ertugrul A.S. i wsp.: Comparison of peri-implant crevicular fluid levels of adrenomedullin and human beta defensins 1 and 2 from mandibular implants with different implant stability quotient levels in nonsmoker patients. J. Periodontal Res., 2014, 9, 480-488.
17. Östman P.O. i wsp.: Immediate occlusal loading of NanoTite™ tapered implants: a prospective 1-year clinical and radiographic study. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res., 2013, 15, 809-818.
18. Östman P.O. i wsp.: Resonance frequency analysis measurements of implants at placement surgery. Int. J. Prosthodont., 2006, 19,77-83.
19. Östman P.O., Wennerberg A., Albrektsson T.: Immediate occlusal loading of NanoTite PREVAIL implants: a prospective 1-year clinical and radiographic study. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res., 2010, 12, 39-47.
20. Ramakrishna R., Nayar S.: Clinical assessment of primary stability of endosseous implants placed in the incisor region, using resonance frequency analysis methodology: an in vivo study. Indian J. Dent. Res., 2007, 18, 168-172.
21. Worthington P., Rubenstein J., Hatcher D.C.: The role of cone-beam computed tomography in the planning and placement of implants. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 2010, 141, 19-24.
22. Loubele M. i wsp.: Comparison between effective radiation dose of CBCT and MSCT scanners for dentomaxillofacial applications. Eur. J. Radiol.,
2009, 71, 461-468.
23. Osorio F. i wsp.: Cone-beam computed tomography: an innovative tool for airway assessment. Anesth. Analges, 2008, 106, 6, 1803-1807.
24. Liang X. i wsp.: A comparative evaluation of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and Multi-Slice CT (MSCT). Part II: On 3D model accuracy. Eur. J. Radiol., 2010, 75, 2, 270-274.
25. Cerini R. i wsp.: Bionic ear imaging. La Radiologia Medica, 2008,113, 265-277.
26. Cavalcanti M.G., Ruprecht A., Vannier M.W.: 3D volume rendering using multislice CT for dental implants. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol., 2002, 31, 218-223.
27. Kazor C.E. i wsp.: Implant plastic surgery: a review and rationale. J. Oral Implantol., 2004, 30, 240-254.
28. Allen F., Smith D.G.: An assessment of the accuracy of ridge-mapping in planning implant therapy for the anterior maxilla. Clin. Oral Implants Res., 2000, 11, 34-38.
29. Adell R. i wsp.: Long-term follow-up study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of totally edentulous jaws. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants, 1990, 5, 347-359.
30. Hobo S., Ichida E., Garcia L.T.: Osseointegration and Occlusal Rehabilitation. 1st ed. Quintessence, Chicago1989, 35.
31. Ohrnell L.O. i wsp.: Single-tooth rehabilitation using osseointegration. A modified surgical and prosthodontic approach. Quintessence Int., 1988, 19, 871-876.
32. Sammartino G. i wsp.: Analysis of the occlusal stress transmitted to the inferior alveolar nerve by an osseointegrated threaded fixture. J. Periodontol., 2008, 79, 1735-1744.
33. Albrektsson T. i wsp.: Os¬seointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage inman. Acta Orthop. Scand., 1981, 52, 155-170.
34. Jeong S.M. i wsp.: Flap¬lessimplant surgery: anexperimental study. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod., 200, 104, 24-28.
35. Tsoukaki M. i wsp.: Clinical, radiographic, microbiological and immunological outcomes of flapped vs. flapless dental implants: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin. Oral Implants Res., 2013, 24, 969-976.
36. Esposito M. i wsp.: Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different typesofdental implants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2007, 17, 4.
37. Campelo L.D, Camara J.R.: Flapless implant surgery: a 10-year clinical retrospective analysis. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants, 2002, 17, 271-276.
38. Bayounis A.M. i wsp.: Healing of peri-implant tissues after flapless and flapped implant installation. J. Clin. Periodontol., 2011, 38, 754-761.
39. Kim J.I. I wsp.: Blood vessels of the peri-implant mucosa: a comparison between flap and flapless pro¬cedures. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod., 2009, 107, 508-512.
40. Gomez-Roman G.: Influence of flap design on peri-implant inter-proximal crestal bone loss around single-tooth implants. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants, 2001, 16, 61-67.
41. Jeong S.M. i wsp.: Flapless implant surgery: an experimental study. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod., 2007, 104, 24-28.
42. Sclar A.G.: Guidelines for flapless surgery. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 2008, 66, 2195-2196.
43. Eriksson R.A.: Heat-induced bone tissue injury. An in vivo investigation of heat tolerance of bone tissue and temperature rise in the drilling of cortical bone. Thesis. University of Goteborg. Sweden 1984, 1-112.
44. Eriksson R.A., Albrektsson T.: The effect of heat on bone regeneration. J. Oral Maxillofacial Surg., 1984, 42, 701-711.
45. Friberg B., Ekestubbe A., Sennerby L.: Clinical outcome of Brånemark system implants of various diameters: a retrospective study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants, 2002, 17, 671-677.
46. Summers R.B.: A new concept in maxillary implant surgery: the osteotome technique. Compendium, 1994, 15, 152-152, 154-156, 158.
47. Bielecki-Kowalski B., Wach T., Kozakiewicz M.: Porównanie zaniku brzeżnego kości przy wszczepach zębowych wprowadzanych tradycyjnie i technika kondensacji. Mag. Stomatol., 2018, 28, 2, 75-78.
48. Chong L. i wsp.: Effect of implant design on initial stability of tapered implants. J. Oral Implantol., 2009, 35, 130-135.
49. Delaunay C.P., Kapandji A.I.: Acetabular screw rings and surface treatment. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 1997, 340, 130-141.
50. Shapoff C.A.: Clinical advantages of tapered root form dental implants. Compend. Contin. Educ. Dent., 2002, 23, 42-44, 46, 48.
51. O’Sullivan D., Sennerby L., Meredith N.: Influence of implant taper on the primary and secondary stability of osseointegrated titanium implants. Clin. Oral Implants Res., 2004, 15, 474-480.
52. Garber D.A, Salama H., Salama M.A.: Two-stage versus one-stage – is there really a controversy? J. Periodontol., 2001, 72, 417-421.
53. Davies J.E.: Mechanisms of endosseous integration. Int. J. Prosthodont., 1998, 11, 391-401.
54. Franchi M. i wsp.: Influence of different implant surfaces on peri-implant osteogenesis: histomorphometric analysis in sheep. J. Periodontol., 2007, 78, 879-888.
55. Hallman M.: A prospective study of treatment of severely resorbed maxillae with narrow nonsubmerged implants: results after 1 year of loading. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants, 2001, 16, 731-736.
56. Dohan Ehrenfest D.M. i wsp.: Classification of osseointegrated implant surfaces: materials, chemistry and topography. Trends Biotechnol,. 2010, 28, 198-206.
57. Mendonça G. i wsp.: Advancing dental implant surface technology – from micron to nanotopography. Biomaterials, 2008, 29, 3822-3835.

Fot. Pixabay.com